What is Albedo? Albedo is the fraction of light that a surface reflects. If it is all reflected, the albedo is equal to 1. If 30% is reflected, the albedo is 0.3. The albedo of Earth's surface (atmosphere, ocean, land surfaces) determines how much incoming solar energy, or light, is immediately reflected back to space.The expression for the simplified albedo flux is formed by considering the following: intensity of the sunlight striking the planet, q sol; fraction of sunlight reflected, r (i.e., the albedo factor is just 1 - a); scaling of intensity from orbit noon (i.e., solar zenith angle, ); local form factor to the planet, FF.which affect albedo in one equation. 1 1 2 §·1 1 1 i S A i S A S A i i i iN i i R C F C F F H D o o o ¨¸ c ©¹ ¦ The model can calculate the albedo without the need for in-field measurements. The model can be deployed in many fields of research concerned with urban and …"A hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop height of 0.12 m, a fixed surface resistance of 70 s m-1 and an albedo of 0.23." The reference surface ...There the change of albedo would be from 80% of ice to 6% of the ocean, i.e. even greater than from ice to foliage. The slope of the line for the foliage case in Fig 1 corresponds to conditions where the latitude ( f , in degrees) is lower than about 60 degrees, where the following equation obtains -Equation 2 —which originates from the quasi-linear relation between the bandgap and the short-circuit current density of a cell—is a reduced form of the general relations derived by Ryyan Khan and Alam in their studies of the thermodynamic limit of bifacial multijunction solar cells. 31, 37 The offset between Equation 2 and the ray …The mean albedo for the l-year period was 0.32. The Tiros VI1 data are in general agreement with the values of albedo deduced from the emissivity sensors of the first Orbiting Solar Observatory (ref. 7) and the albedo values calculated in reference 8; however, the variations in the Earth albedo are not suffi-When the Sun is at angles of 40° and higher relative to the horizon, the albedo of the water is fairly constant, but as the angle decreases from 40°, the albedo increases dramatically, so that it is about 0.5 at a Sun angle of 10° and 1.0 at a sun angle of 0°. You are aware of this in the form of glare coming off the water in the early ...This formulation of albedo is defined as “broadband hemispherical-directional reflectance factor (HDRF)”. There is a typo in Table 3 of the same paper and the correct weighting coefficients for the calculation of the HDRF for Sentinel-2 are: Band Number Center λ (μm) Spectral width Δλ (μm) Esun (W m-2) ωbi. 1 0.443 0.020.Wikipedia lists the albedo of the planets, where you can see that it varies from very dark (0.11 for the Moon) to very bright (0.67 for cloud-covered Venus). The gas giants have albedos near 0.5. Earth's albedo is highly variable (due to clouds), but averages around 0.37. Saturn's moon Enceladus has an albedo above 1 (1.4)!٣١/١٢/٢٠٢١ ... The calculation was completed in GRASS GIS [17,18]. The spatial resolution of VIS Landsat 8 albedo (L8 albedo) is. 30 m. The Sentinel 2A sensor ...The fresh snow albedo in equation 18 depends on the snow grain diameter, and it is parameterized through comparisons with the simulated results of a physically based single-layer implementation of the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation (SNICAR) model [Flanner et al., 2007]. is finally given asThe new generation of geostationary satellite sensors is producing an unprecedented amount of Earth observations with high temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions, which enable us to detect and assess abrupt surface changes. In this study, we developed the land surface directional reflectance and albedo products from Geostationary Operational …The land surface albedo reflects the ability of the surface to reflect solar radiation and is a critical physical variable in the study of the Earth’s energy budget and global climate change. Algorithms for the retrieval of albedo usually require multi-angle measurements due to surface anisotropy. However, most of the satellites cannot currently provide sufficient and …From the comparison between equations (18a) and (18b), it is seen that the second term of equation (18b) is relative to the effect of cloud absorption increasing with land surface albedo. To examine the effect of surface albedo and multiple reflections, figure 4 compares the modified cloud albedo derived from equation ( 17 c ) to the 'true ...Figure 1: (left) albedo as function of temperature. (center) incoming and outgoing radia-tion terms in the energy balance model. (right) right hand side of heat balance equation, corresponding to incoming minus outgoing radiation, as function of temperature. 3 Bifurcations and hysteresisThe crux of the conversion formula, from satellite spectral measurements to albedo, is a set of coefficients that relate the sensor’s individual bands to simulated hemispherical broadband albedo. These conversion formulas are still used today for a wide range of sensors, such as the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection ...For this region, let's assume a surface albedo of 0.1, which is a typical value. Let's also assume an incoming shortwave radiation of 290 W/m 2 , and incoming and outgoing longwave radiation ...Albedo is a measure for reflectance or optical brightness. Albedo is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected (or radiant exitance)to the radiation incident (or irradiance) on a surface. Formula Smaller f sn results in lower surface albedo (Equation 11) and modifies the surface energy balance by reflecting less short-wave radiation, and thus, influences T2 in COMB_S. On the other hand, more absorption of short-wave radiation could lead to larger moist static energy (Meng et al ., 2014 ), which could be a possible reason of the …Albedo should be 'used for heat' because a higher albedo reflects solar radiation back into space, thus changing the W/m$^2$ received by the Earth's systems. Emitted heat does not depend on temperature only, there are obviously several other factors in the S-B equation, emissivity being important.Albedo is a measure of energy and Surface Reflectance is a property of a material. Solar radiation times the percentage that gets through the atmosphere and strikes the surface times the Surface Reflectance ratio equals Albedo. A perfect mirror at night produces zero Albedo.Albedo. Albedo is the amount of energy reflected by a surface without being absorbed. An object with high albedo reflects the majority of the radiation while an object with low albedo reflects only a small amount of incoming radiation but absorbs the majority of the radiation. Think about being outside and how different materials reflect or ...The thermal neutron albedo equation for a bi-material reflector was obtained by using the neutron diffusion equation. The thermal neutron albedo for mono-material and bi-material reflectors was also measured using a setup that consisted of a 5.2 Ci neutron source, BF 3 neutron detector, cadmium as neutron absorber, and water as neutron moderator.The surface albedo temperature sensitivity Δa/ΔT is −0.0065 K −1 according to the measurement made by the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES 20; Supplementary Fig. 1).Water has a low albedo (.06), so reflects only 6% of solar energy and absorbs the rest. Most land surfaces have higher albedos. For example, deciduous broadleaf ...The albedo ω is the dimensionless value that is equal the ratio of scattering coefficient (β) to the sum of absorption (k) and scattering (β) coefficients: The single …Terrestrial evapotranspiration. In Advanced Remote Sensing (Second Edition), 2020. 17.3.5 The empirical Penman–Monteith equation. The Penman–Monteith equation is widely used in land process modeling to estimate vegetation transpiration or soil evaporation because it requires only conventional observations as input and does not require input from two levels. The geometric albedo is defined as the ratio of a planet’s reflectivity measured at zero phase angle (opposition) to that of a Lambert disk (which has the same apparent brightness at all viewing angles) of the same radius. The geometric albedo is a function of wavelength and, because it is measured at opposition (when the phase angle ϕ = 0 ...Dec 1, 2019 · A theoretical equation is derived which clusters albedo-affecting parameters. • Albedo estimation is possible without the need for in-situ measurements. • In any environment, geometry, material, and light source features define albedo. • Diurnal albedo variations is linked to the geometry of the shadows in a location. • The linear relationship of NDVI and albedo of sample pixels was worked out . The equation of LDI was determined based on the relationship of NDVI and albedo (Equations (7)–(9)). The models for detecting land degradation (Equations (10)–(12)) were constructed, and their application results are shown in Figure 5.transfer equation, which requires information on optical properties of the gases and particulates (such as extinction coefficients, single scattering albedo, scattering phase function, etc.). Scattering phase function describes the angle-dependent scattering of light incident on a particle. For an aerosol particle without preferentialWe would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Aug 29, 2023 · If a specific location receives 1000 Watts/m² of solar energy (Incident Solar Radiation) and reflects 300 Watts/m² back to space (Reflected Solar Radiation), then the Albedo can be calculated as follows: Albedo=300/1000=0.3. In this case, the albedo is 0.3 or 30%, indicating that the surface reflects 30% of the incoming solar energy. The symbols have been used in their most general sense, without any subscripting or other embellishments so that e.g. L could mean Ll , the radiance in the wavelength interval [ l , l + d l ], or LV , the "visual radiance" in the Johnson V-band or indeed it could mean the radiance integrated over all wavelengths, the "bolometric radiance".Abstract Albedo is a key parameter that is widely used in land surface energy balance studies, mid-to-long-term weather prediction, and global climate change investigation. Remote sensing is an effective way to map the land surface albedo on both the regional and global scales.A is the planetary albedo of the Earth, which is about 0.3. (from The Earth System) 2 ESS200A Prof. Jin-Yi Yu What Happens After the Earth Absorbs Solar Energy? qThe Earth warms up and has to emit radiative energy back to …The planet has an albedo that depends on the characteristics of its surface and atmosphere, and therefore only absorbs a fraction of radiation. The planet absorbs the radiation that isn't reflected by the albedo, and heats up. One may assume that the planet radiates energy like a blackbody at some temperature according to the Stefan–Boltzmann ... In its simplest form (Equations S21–S25 in Supporting Information S1), the theory also predicts that, at equilibrium, all of the additional net radiation at the low-albedo anomaly land surface is used for evaporation, which is locally recycled back into additional precipitation over the low-albedo anomaly.The decrease in albedo due to snow aging can be mimicked by reasonable increases in grain size (50-100 m for new snow, growing to 1 mm for melting old snow).The model agrees well with observations ...Chapter 2. Albedo 1. Introduction. Albedo is a measurement, expressed as a fraction, of the amount of radiation scattered from a surface or an object. In this chapter we describe those albedos most commonly used and describe methods to calculate them in cases where analytical solutions are difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. This boundary condition is similar to the vacuum boundary condition, i.e., Φ(R albedo) = 0, where R albedo = R + d e and Solutions of the Diffusion Equation – Non-multiplying Systems As was previously discussed, the diffusion theory is widely used in the core design of the current Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) or Boiling Water Reactors ...Equation (6) differs from the radiative equilibrium estimate in several ways. First, the near-surface radiative equilibrium temperature profile is usually ...# - Fixed a bug in the indexing of the polluted pixels for which the spherical albedo equation could not be solved. Solved the oultiers visible in bands 12-15 and 19-20 and expended the BBA calculation to few pixels that fell out of the index. # -compression of output # - new backscatter fraction from Alex # - new format for tg_vod.dat fileR n is estimated by the radiation balance equation using surface meteorological data and obtained by remote sensors, such as surface reflectance and thermal ...In its simplest form (Equations S21–S25 in Supporting Information S1), the theory also predicts that, at equilibrium, all of the additional net radiation at the low-albedo anomaly land surface is used for evaporation, which is locally recycled back into additional precipitation over the low-albedo anomaly. Since all the additional radiation ...7.2: The radiative balance equation: Earth's radiating surface temperature self-adjusts to balance incoming Solar (short-wavelength) radiation with outgoing ( ...The albedo has been estimated to be 0.294 (Stephens et al., 2012, Nature Geoscience 5, p. 691). On the other hand, Earth and its atmosphere radiate in all directions and the radiation can be described by the Stefan–Boltzmann Law, which, recall, is the integral of the Planck function over all wavelengths.The albedo has been estimated to be 0.294 (Stephens et al., 2012, Nature Geoscience 5, p. 691). On the other hand, Earth and its atmosphere radiate in all directions and the radiation can be described by the Stefan–Boltzmann Law, which, recall, is the integral of the Planck function over all wavelengths. By definition, the spectral albedo, al, which is the albedo formonochromatic radiationat wavelength l, is given by al ...So for n > 3, we can solve the equations with least square methods as Therefore, we can retrieve both normal and albedo map per pixel, if the pixel receives light from at least one source. In practice, there are many pixels in the region where light intensity from the sources is very low, so we need to skips those pixels for calculations. Using the mean planetary albedo, calculate earth's surface temperature. You may report the temperature in units of Kelvin, celsius, or fahrenheit. If solved correctly you should see in the equation that the average incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (units of W/m 2 ) is the solar constant scaled by a factor of 4.In the original article, there is a special case of interest to many fields is "the albedo of an infinitely thick coating". This case yielded the Kubelka–Munk equation, which describes the remission from a sample composed of an infinite number of infinitesimal layers, each having a 0 as an absorption fraction and r 0 as a... albedo for the zone is the albedo of ice, or 0.68. For temperatures above the critical temperature, several equations are used. The most typical is: albedo ...From equation −1 is also the photon mean free path. For air, which is a 4 to 1 mixture of N 2 and O 2, the data in table 6.1 and equation imply ≈ 1.8 ×10 −7 cm −1 near the center of the visible spectrum, hence −1 = 70 km. Thus, on a clear day, we can see about 70 km ≈ …The resulting broadband albedo is still a function of the solar zenith angle because snow and ice surfaces reflect more radiation at low sun angles. There is a significant drift in the instrument calibrations of the albedo channels that can be compensated for with time-dependent calibration coefficients appropriate to each satellite.The atmosphere above the cloud and between the surface and the cloud are clear window. (a)Radiative transfer equation ... albedo. The particle size distribution, ...... equation for the first time. We also, considered albedo as a fuzzy number which is another novel approach. Keywords Albedo, Fuzzy logic, Energy balance equation.The error bars of the obtained albedo values tend to increase with albedo, but this should be expected, because the slope–albedo relation (equation 2) implies ...The snow albedo has a maximum and minimum value defined by the parameter α max and α min. For air temperatures above 0 °C there is a fast exponential decay in snow albedo, Equation , whereas for temperature below 0 °C there is a slow linear decay in snow albedo, Equation :A theoretical equation is derived which clusters albedo-affecting parameters. • Albedo estimation is possible without the need for in-situ measurements. • In any environment, geometry, material, and light source features define albedo. • Diurnal albedo variations is linked to the geometry of the shadows in a location. •In our proposed SRI method, the rear-side irradiance is determined by the spectral albedo of the ground. The rear incident spectrum, G r, SRI, is: (Equation 2) G r, SRI (λ) = A M 1.5 G (λ) R S R I (x, τ) where R S R I represents a system-level ratio of rear-to-front module plane of array irradiance (PoA) for spectral albedo, x, and system tracking type, τ.By definition, the spectral albedo, al, which is the albedo formonochromatic radiationat wavelength l, is given by al ¼ Fþ l F l ½1 whereFl isthefluxoflightincidentonthesurfaceand Fþ l isthefluxoflightreflectedbythesurface.Radiative flux is the power per unit area per unit wavelength interval that is incident on or reflected by the ...Studying the albedos of the planets and moons of the Solar System dates back at least a century1–4. Of particular interest is the relationship between the albedo …a method for the calculation of albedo matrices by means of peierls integral equation. (in Hungarian) Journal Article Vertes, P - KFKI (Kozp. Fiz. Kut. Int.) Kozlem., 15: 165-82 (1967). ١٥/١٢/٢٠٢٠ ... However, simulated albedo values were consistently higher than field measurements, probably because radiation absorbed by impurities and buried.The volumetric soil water content (m 3 m −3) at the top of the soil from ERA5 was used to calculate changes in soil albedo due to soil moisture following Equation 1. 2.3 Field Sites. Hyperspectral soil reflectance was acquired with a GER 3700 spectroradiometer (Geophysical Environ. Res. Corp.,A is the planetary albedo of the Earth, which is about 0.3. (from The Earth System) 2 ESS200A Prof. Jin-Yi Yu What Happens After the Earth Absorbs Solar Energy? qThe Earth warms up and has to emit radiative energy back to …Ice-albedo feedback due to the albedo contrast between water and ice is a major factor in seasonal sea ice ... is the freezing temperature. Equations and can be combined and rewritten as,Cloud albedo is calculated based on equation 13 and is calculated from equation 1. In all cases we assume that , appropriate for an ocean environment. We note that the mean cloud albedo is calculated directly from the mean cloud optical depth, which could differ from the mean cloud albedo calculated directly from the albedos of the individual ...The second equation of Budyko's model is the heat balance equation for the Earth: A = Q(1−α) - I where A is the net gain in heat energy per unit area (often presumed to be zero), Q is the solar radiation per unit coming in at the top of the atmosphere, α is the albedo and I is again the outgoing radiation enery per unit area.The resulting broadband albedo is still a function of the solar zenith angle because snow and ice surfaces reflect more radiation at low sun angles. There is a significant drift in the instrument calibrations of the albedo channels that can be compensated for with time-dependent calibration coefficients appropriate to each satellite.The atmosphere above the cloud and between the surface and the cloud are clear window. (a)Radiative transfer equation ... albedo. The particle size distribution, ...The new generation of geostationary satellite sensors is producing an unprecedented amount of Earth observations with high temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions, which enable us to detect and assess abrupt surface changes. In this study, we developed the land surface directional reflectance and albedo products from Geostationary Operational …Albedo, fraction of light that is reflected by a body or surface. It is commonly used in astronomy to describe the reflective properties of planets, satellites, and …Then they replace $\frac{F_{obj}(0,1 AU)}{F_{0}}$ by an expression they derive for the geometric albedo and put forth the relation between the absolute magnitude, geometric albedo and the diameter of an asteroid. I'm able to follow the derivation they have for the geometric albedo (equations A.1, A.2 and A.3 in the aforementioned paper).Since the Albedo constant is a fraction of the total solar radiation re ected o Earth’s surface, Albedo can be bundled with solar radiation. Note, this is only valid for a lumped mass model where internal temperature gradients are ignored. The incident heat equation, as one side of the complete energy balance, is Q_ in= Q_ IR+ Q_ + Q_ albedo+ ...The albedo effect has the same climate effect as a negative emission, and it is therefore a negative number. The integral in the equation is the payment for CO 2 sequestration, while p c (δ - ε) (h(t) – h(t 0)) is the net payment the forest owner must make at the time of harvest for releasing CO 2. We can view this as a deposit – refund ...Albedo — The fraction of solar radiation that is reflected. ... Equation of Time — The annual east-west swing of the location of the sun, which can be detected by noting the position of the sun at the same time (such as noon) each day. This motion ...In equation form: K↓ = S+D. A portion of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the surface and a portion is also reflected away. The proportion of light reflected from a surface is the albedo (a). Albedo values range from 0 for no reflection to 1 for complete reflection of light striking the surface.Surface albedo (α c o n) was also estimated using a conventional model (Equation (2)) that was used in a number of studies (e.g., [47,48]). This model has been widely applied in environmental studies and in the estimation of SEBFs and ET algorithms, such as SEBAL [ 14 ].transfer equation, which requires information on optical properties of the gases and particulates (such as extinction coefficients, single scattering albedo, scattering phase function, etc.). Scattering phase function describes the angle-dependent scattering of light incident on a particle. For an aerosol particle without preferential
Jan 18, 2023 · In our proposed SRI method, the rear-side irradiance is determined by the spectral albedo of the ground. The rear incident spectrum, G r, SRI, is: (Equation 2) G r, SRI (λ) = A M 1.5 G (λ) R S R I (x, τ) where R S R I represents a system-level ratio of rear-to-front module plane of array irradiance (PoA) for spectral albedo, x, and system tracking type, τ. . Aac softball
12. The formula. 4πR2ơT4 = πR2L⊙(1 − a) 4πd2 4 π R 2 ơ T 4 = π R 2 L ⊙ ( 1 − a) 4 π d 2. is correct, if you want to calculate the radiative equilibrium temperature. You only need to use the right units. We can further simplify the formula to. T4 = L⊙(1 − a) 16πd2ơ. T 4 = L ⊙ ( 1 − a) 16 π d 2 ơ.The left side of the BRDF states the diffuse part of the equation denoted here as \(f_{lambert}\). This is known as Lambertian diffuse similar to what we used for diffuse shading, which is a constant factor denoted as: \[ f_{lambert} = \frac{c}{\pi}\] With \(c\) being the albedo or surface color (think of the diffuse surface texture). Water has a low albedo (.06), so reflects only 6% of solar energy and absorbs the rest. Most land surfaces have higher albedos. For example, deciduous broadleaf ...ALBEDO. The albedo (from the Latin for 'white') of the planet is an important feedback mechanism as extra ice can increase cooling ...Albedo is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation). Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee … See moreAlbedo is ratio of the light received by a body to the light reflected by that body. Albedo values range from 0 (pitch black) to 1 (perfect reflector). Technical Definition. Geometric albedo is the ratio of a body’s brightness at zero phase angle to the brightness of a perfectly diffusing disk with the same position and apparent size as the body. The surface albedo temperature sensitivity Δa/ΔT is −0.0065 K −1 according to the measurement made by the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES 20; Supplementary Fig. 1).equation S A Elwakil, E El Batanoni and E A Saad-Pade approximants for linear Boltzmann equation. V. Albedo for finite slab and radiative heat flux constant E A Saad, S A El Wakil, H M Machali et al.-Recent citations Carrier kinetics in a surface-excited semiconductor slab: Influence of boundary conditions T. Kuhn and G. Mahler-As stated by Gerlich and Tscheuschner [ 33 ], Equation (3.7) satisfies the requirement of Hölder’s [ 76 ] inequality that results in 〈 T s 〉 ≤ T e , where, however, the true value of T e is unknown because of the uncertainty with which especially the values of the planetary albedo and planetary emissivity are fraught.If Earth were completely covered by ice and snow, then Earth’s surface albedo would be approximately 0.85. The same equation as was used for black-body earth is used to calculate the temperature of Earth with surface features but without an atmosphere. Q15: What is the actual albedo of Earth’s surface? Formula with Variables Description The formula to calculate albedo is: Albedo=Reflected Solar Radiation/Incident Solar Radiation Where: Reflected Solar Radiation: The amount of solar energy reflected by the surface. Incident Solar Radiation: The total amount of solar energy incident on the surface. Example Let's consider an example.3 The albedo of a coating of finite thickness By transforming Equation 4 the following expressions result, as a simple con-sideration shows: a = 1 2 1 H∞ +H∞ and a2 −1= 1 2 1 H∞ −H∞. By substituting these relations in Equation 3, which was obtained by solving the differential equations, and so eliminating a, one obtains ln (H − 1 ...Jan 18, 2023 · In our proposed SRI method, the rear-side irradiance is determined by the spectral albedo of the ground. The rear incident spectrum, G r, SRI, is: (Equation 2) G r, SRI (λ) = A M 1.5 G (λ) R S R I (x, τ) where R S R I represents a system-level ratio of rear-to-front module plane of array irradiance (PoA) for spectral albedo, x, and system tracking type, τ. 12. The formula. 4πR2ơT4 = πR2L⊙(1 − a) 4πd2 4 π R 2 ơ T 4 = π R 2 L ⊙ ( 1 − a) 4 π d 2. is correct, if you want to calculate the radiative equilibrium temperature. You only need to use the right units. We can further simplify the formula to. T4 = L⊙(1 − a) 16πd2ơ. T 4 = L ⊙ ( 1 − a) 16 π d 2 ơ. Since the Albedo constant is a fraction of the total solar radiation re ected o Earth’s surface, Albedo can be bundled with solar radiation. Note, this is only valid for a lumped mass model where internal temperature gradients are ignored. The incident heat equation, as one side of the complete energy balance, is Q_ in= Q_ IR+ Q_ + Q_ albedo+ ...The albedo has been estimated to be 0.294 (Stephens et al., 2012, Nature Geoscience 5, p. 691). On the other hand, Earth and its atmosphere radiate in all directions and the radiation can be described by the Stefan–Boltzmann Law, which, recall, is the integral of the Planck function over all wavelengths. Saturn Observational Parameters Discoverer: Unknown Discovery Date: Prehistoric Distance from Earth Minimum (10 6 km) 1205.5 Maximum (10 6 km) 1658.6 Apparent diameter from Earth Maximum (seconds of arc) 19.9 Minimum (seconds of arc) 14.5 Mean values at opposition from Earth Distance from Earth (10 6 km) 1277.13 …Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminous energy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloud surfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visible solar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have low albedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are the chief …The diffuse reflectance (albedo) and transmittance of a Raman random gain medium are calculated via semi-analytic two-stream equations with power-dependent coefficients. The results show good agreement with the experimental data for barium nitrate powder. Both the Raman albedo AR and Raman transmittance TR diverge at aRadiation Equation • Into deep space q=σεAT4 • Between two surfaces q=σε1ε2A1 F1-2 (T1 4-T 2 4) • If one surface is Earth, assume ε=1 and T=250 to 260 K Technically, q= A(T4-T4) but T deep space is 4K, <<T4 We can use these equations to calculate the heat transfer between two surfaces, once we calculate the view factor..